C or Do is the first note of the C majorscale, the third note of the A minor scale (the relative minor of C major), and the fourth note (F, A, B, C) of the Guidonian hand, commonly pitched around 261.63 Hz. The actual frequency has depended on historical pitch standards, and for transposing instruments a distinction is made between written and sounding or concert pitch. Pluraleyes 4 crack.
In English the term Do is used interchangeably with C only by adherents of fixed-Do solfège; in the movable Do system Do refers to the tonic of the prevailing key.
Frequency[edit]
Historically, concert pitch has varied. For an instrument in equal temperament tuned to the A440 pitch standard widely adopted in 1939, middle C has a frequency around 261.63 Hz (for other notes see piano key frequencies). Scientific pitch was originally proposed in 1713 by French physicist Joseph Sauveur and based on the numerically convenient frequency of 256 Hz for middle C, all C's being powers of two. After the A440 pitch standard was adopted by musicians, the Acoustical Society of America published new frequency tables for scientific use. A movement to restore the older A435 standard has used the banners 'Verdi tuning', 'philosophical pitch' or the easily confused scientific pitch.
Octave nomenclature[edit]
Middle C[edit]
Middle C (the fourth C key from left on a standard 88-key piano keyboard) is designated C4 in scientific pitch notation, and c′ in Helmholtz pitch notation; it is note number 60 in MIDI notation.[1]
The C-Max's interior is comfortable, but it's a generation behind Ford's newest offerings in its design, materials, and finishes. The center stack's layout in particular is beginning to look its age. C-like languages feature two versions (pre- and post-) of each operator with slightly different semantics. In languages syntactically derived from B (including C and its various derivatives), the increment operator is written as and the decrement operator is written as -. Several other languages use inc(x) and dec(x) functions.
While the expression Middle C is generally clear across instruments and clefs, some musicians naturally use the term to refer to the C note in the middle of their specific instrument's range. C4 may be called Low C by someone playing a Western concert flute, which has a higher and narrower playing range than the piano, while C5 (523.251 Hz) would be Middle C. This technically inaccurate practice has led some pedagogues to encourage standardizing on C4 as the definitive Middle C in instructional materials across all instruments.[2]
On the Grand Staff, middle-C is notated with a ledger line above the top line of the bass staff or below the bottom line of the treble staff. Alternatively, it is written on the centre line of a staff using the alto clef, or on the fourth line from the bottom, or the second line from the top, of staves using the tenor clef.
Other octaves[edit]
In vocal music, the term High C (sometimes less ambiguously called Top C[3]) can refer to either the soprano's C6 (1046.502 Hz; c′′′ in Helmholtz notation) or the tenor's C5; both are written as the C two ledger lines above the treble clef but the tenor voice sings an octave lower. The term Low C is sometimes used in vocal music to refer to C2 because this is considered the divide between true basses and bass-baritones: a basso can sing this note easily, whereas other male voices, including bass-baritones, typically cannot.
Tenor C is an organ builder's term for small C or C3 (130.813 Hz), the note one octave below Middle C. In stoplists it usually means that a rank is not full compass, omitting the bottom octave.
Designation by octave[edit]
| Scientific designation | Helmholtz designation | Octave name | Frequency (Hz) | Other names | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C−1 | C͵͵͵ or ͵͵͵C or CCCC | Octocontra | 8.176 | Play | |
| C0 | C͵͵ or ͵͵C or CCC | Subcontra | 16.352 | Play | |
| C1 | C͵ or ͵C or CC | Contra | 32.703 | Play | |
| C2 | C | Great | 65.406 | Low C, cello C, 8' C (see organ pipe length) | Play |
| C3 | c | Small | 130.813 | 4' C or tenor C (organ), viola C | Play |
| C4 | c′ | One-lined | 261.626 | Middle C | Play |
| C5 | c′′ | Two-lined | 523.251 | Treble C, high C (written an octave higher for tenor voices)[4] | Play |
| C6 | c′′′ | Three-lined | 1046.502 | High C (soprano) | Play |
| C7 | c′′′′ | Four-lined | 2093.005 | Double high C[citation needed] | Play |
| C8 | c′′′′′ | Five-lined | 4186.009 | Eighth octave C, triple high C | Play |
| C9 | c′′′′′′ | Six-lined | 8372.018 | Quadruple high C | Play |
| C10 | c′′′′′′′ | Seven-lined | 16744.036 | Quintuple high C | Play |
Note that for a classical piano and musical theory, the middle C is usually labelled as C4; However, in the MIDI standard definition (like the one used in Apple's GarageBand), this middle C (261.626 Hz) is labelled C3. In practice, a MIDI software can label middle C (261.626 Hz) as C3-C5, which can cause confusion, especially for beginners.
Graphic presentation[edit]
Scales[edit]
Common scales beginning on C[edit]
- C Major: C D E F G A B C
- C Natural Minor: C D E♭ F G A♭ B♭ C
- C Harmonic Minor: C D E♭ F G A♭ B C
- C Melodic Minor Ascending: C D E♭ F G A B C
- C Melodic Minor Descending: C B♭ A♭ G F E♭ D C
Diatonic scales[edit]
- C Ionian: C D E F G A B C
- C Dorian: C D E♭ F G A B♭ C
- C Phrygian: C D♭ E♭ F G A♭ B♭ C
- C Lydian: C D E F♯ G A B C
- C Mixolydian: C D E F G A B♭ C
- C Aeolian: C D E♭ F G A♭ B♭ C
- C Locrian: C D♭ E♭ F G♭ A♭ B♭ C
Jazz melodic minor[edit]
- C Ascending Melodic Minor: C D E♭ F G A B C
- C Dorian ♭2: C D♭ E♭ F G A B♭ C
- C Lydian Augmented: C D E F♯ G♯ A B C
- C Lydian Dominant: C D E F♯ G A B♭ C
- C Mixolydian ♭6: C D E F G A♭ B♭ C
- C Locrian ♮2: C D E♭ F G♭ A♭ B♭ C
- C Altered: C D♭ E♭ F♭ G♭ A♭ B♭ C
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^'MIDI Note/Key Number Chart', computermusicresource.com
- ^Large, John (February 1981). 'Theory in Practice: Building a Firm Foundation'. Music Educators Journal. 32: 30–35.
- ^Harold C. Schonberg (November 4, 1979). 'Birgit Nilsson – The Return of a Super-Soprano'. The New York Times.
- ^'The Note That Makes Us Weep' by Daniel J. Wakin, The New York Times, September 9, 2007
Locomotives operated by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway.
Steam locomotives[edit]
Class A: 4-4-0 and 4-4-2[edit]
Class B: 2-10-2[edit]
Class C: 0-6-0, 0-8-0, 0-10-0, and Shays[edit]
Class E: 2-6-0[edit]
Class F: 4-6-0 and 4-6-2[edit]
Class G: 2-8-0[edit]
Class H: 2-6-6-2, 2-8-8-2, 2-6-6-6[edit]
Class H was used for the 2-6-6-2, 2-8-8-2, and 2-6-6-6 Allegheny types
- Chesapeake and Ohio class H-1 2-6-6-2
- Chesapeake and Ohio class H-2 2-6-6-2
- Chesapeake and Ohio class H-3 ex-Hocking Valley Railway 2-6-6-2
- Chesapeake and Ohio class H-4 2-6-6-2
- Chesapeake and Ohio class H-5 2-6-6-2
- Chesapeake and Ohio class H-6 2-6-6-2
- Chesapeake and Ohio class H-7 and H-7-A 2-8-8-2
- Chesapeake and Ohio class H-8 2-6-6-6
Class J: 4-8-2 and 4-8-4[edit]
Class J was used for 4-8-2 Mountain and 4-8-4 Greenbrier types
- Chesapeake and Ohio class J-1 4-8-2
- Chesapeake and Ohio class J-2 4-8-2
- Chesapeake and Ohio class J-3 and J-3-A 4-8-4
Class K: 2-8-2 and 2-8-4[edit]
Class K was used for 2-8-2 Mikado and 2-8-4 Kanawha types Surah al mulk rumi full.
- Chesapeake and Ohio class K ex-Hocking Valley Railway 2-8-2
- Chesapeake and Ohio class K-1 2-8-2
- Chesapeake and Ohio class K-2 2-8-2
- Chesapeake and Ohio classes K-3 and K-3-A 2-8-2
- Chesapeake and Ohio class K-4 2-8-4
- Chesapeake and Ohio class K-5 ex-Pere Marquette Railway 2-8-2
- Chesapeake and Ohio class K-6 ex-Pere Marquette Railway 2-8-2
- Chesapeake and Ohio class K-8 ex-Pere Marquette Railway 2-8-2
Class L: 4-6-4[edit]
Class L was used for 4-6-4 'Hudson' types.
Class M: Steam-Turbine-Electric[edit]
Class M was used for a single class of 2-C1+2-C1-2 Steam-turbine electric locomotives.
Class N: 2-8-4[edit]
- Chesapeake and Ohio class N ex-Pere Marquette Railway 2-8-4
- Chesapeake and Ohio class N-1 ex-Pere Marquette Railway 2-8-4
- Chesapeake and Ohio class N-2 ex-Pere Marquette Railway 2-8-4
Class T: 2-10-4[edit]
Class T was used for a single class of 2-10-4 'Texas' types Adobe acrobat 9 professional key.
Diesel locomotives[edit]
ALCO[edit]
- S-2 58 engines built 1949–1950
- S-4 14 engines built 1953
- RS-2 2 engines built 1949, and later sold to Lehigh Valley Railroad
- RSD-5 26 engines built 1952
- RS-1 2 engines built 1953
- RS-3 2 engines built 1955
- RSD-12 10 engines built 1956
- RSD-7 12 engines built 1956, retired and traded to GE 1969
- C-630 4 engines built 1967, and later sold to Robe River Mining of Australia
Regular Expression Pdf
Baldwin[edit]
- DRS-6-6-1500 3 engines built 1949
- AS-616 39 engines built 1950–1953
EMD[edit]
Switchers
- NW2 35 built for the C&O
- SW7 26 built for the C&O
- SW9 35 built for the C&O
- TR3 Cow-Calf-Calf 2 sets built in 1949
- TR4 Cow-Calf 2 sets built and operated together for use on the Dawkins Sub. out of Paintsville, KY.
Passenger Cab units
- E8A 31 built for the C&O
Freight Cab units
- F7A 94 built for the C&O
- F7B 54 built for the C&O
- FP7 16 built for the C&O
Road Switchers
General Purpose (GP) 4 Axle
- GP7 180 built for the C&O
- GP9 363 Built for the C&O
- GP30 48 Built for the C&O
- GP35 41 Built for the C&O
- GP38 60 Built for the C&O
- GP39 20 Built for the C&O
- GP40 50 Built for the C&O
Special Duty (SD) 6 Axle
- SD18 19 Built for the C&O
- SD35 14 Built for the C&O
- SD40 59 Built for the C&O
- SD50 43 Built for the C&O
GE[edit]
Road Switcher 4 Axle
- U23B 30 Built for the C&O
- U25B 38 Built for the C&O
- U30B 33 Built for the C&O
Road Switcher 6 Axle
- U30C 13 Built for the C&O
Dash 7
- B30-7 30 Built for the C&O
C# Regular Expression Cheat Sheet Printable
References[edit]
- Drury, George H (1993). Guide to North American Steam Locomotives. Kalmbach Publishing Company. pp. 78–88. ISBN0-89024-206-2.
- Doyle, Jerry (2006). Chesapeake & Ohio Diesel Locomotives in Color 1949 - 1971. Chesapeake & Ohio Historical Society. pp. 37, 52, 88–89, 100, 122. ISBN1-883089-97-2.