- 1
Compare and contrast the characters of Rachel Parker Plummer and Cynthia Ann Parker.
Rachel and Cynthia Ann were both born into the Parker family: a group of assertive religious pioneers who decided to live and raise a family on the frontier. Both were female, with a strict Baptist upbringing. Both were captured during the Comanche raid on Fort Parker, and both spent time in captivity. Each woman was clever and resilient, learning the Comanche language and adopted some of the Comanche customs in terms of dress and food: Rachel is quoted as having described her new fondness for beaver tail, buffalo, and prairie dog meat.
Whereas Rachel had a negative experience of captivity and engineered her own escape, Cynthia's experience of captivity was mostly positive. Cynthia assimilated completely into the Comanche culture, taking the name 'Nautdah' and marrying a war chief named Peta Nocona. She tried repeatedly to escape what she perceived to be her captivity in the home of her Parker relative once she was forcibly returned to 'civilization'.
- 2
Quanah Parker was half Comanche and half White. Did it affect his credibility? Why or why not?
After the death of Peta Nocona and the capture of Nautdah, Quanah and his younger brother were effectively orphans. This, and the fact they were only half Comanche, meant that nobody in the tribe was willing to feed or help raise them. Being only half Comanche hurt Quanah's credibility until he proved himself in battle and was considered a war chief. Yet after he started advocating for surrender and adoption of reservation life, some of his fellow Comanche viewed him as a sellout.
Being half White definitely enhanced Quanah's reputation among American politicians, newspapermen, and negotiators. He became more famous and more successful than many actual Comanche chiefs. This enhanced his credibility among the Americans.
- 3
After moving to the reservation, Quanah Parker adopted some aspects of the American lifestyle but not others. Which did he adopt and which did he reject? Why?
Quanah learned English, took up ranching as a profession, built a large house, and adopted European/American standards of dress. He kept his long braided hair and all of his wives; in fact. during the reservation he married a few more and ended up married to at least eight women at once. He also kept the peyote custom.
Ranching was a necessity because the buffalo did not come often to the reservation, and Quanah needed a source of income. Learning the English language and adopting standards of contemporary professional dress was important to ensure Quanah's opportunity to negotiate with and be taken seriously by American politicians. He traded heavily on his celebrity in order to enrich his family and provide for his tribe. However Quanah kept his religion, and with it the peyote ceremony. He adopted multiple children, including two white boys, and married multiple wives partly in order to provide for them and partly because he was a ladies' man and could afford to support everyone.
- 4
What was the significance of the horse to the Comanche people prior to the reservation era?
Horses were the primary unit of Comanche currency and also the source of their military might. The Comanche battle strategy relied heavily on surprise attacks and the ability to cover vast territory quickly. Furthermore, riding horses allowed the Comanche to hunt buffalo for their hides, creating a trade opportunity with the Spanish. The horse eventually came to have enormous cultural, emotional, and spiritual significance for many Comanche people.
- 5
Were war chiefs regarded as political leaders among the Comanche? Why did Quanah's status as a war chief affect his ability to deal with Comanche political leaders at the end of the war?
The Comanche had three kinds of leader: tribal chiefs who were in charge of decision making and conflict resolution, 'medicine men' who were regarded as spiritual leaders, and war chiefs who led raiding parties but seldom organized hunts or camps.
Quanah was a war chief, which meant that prior to the reservation period he was not regarded by the Comanche as a political leader responsible for making decisions or commitments on behalf of a tribe. He was more of a general than a president. But during the reservation period, Quanah displayed a keen mind for business and great skill as a negotiator. He convinced hundreds of Comanche to avoid a slow death by starvation by coming to the reservation, and once on the reservation he advanced Comanche interests until his dying day. He was able to save much, but not all, of the Comanche territory during a land grab by the US Government, and accumulated enough wealth to allow him to support his remarkably large family and any visitor who came along.
Since Quanah was a war chief, the fact the American politicians and negotiators wanted to deal with him (due to his fame and influence among his fellow Comanche) irritated some of the tribal chiefs and medicine men who regarded themselves as the more 'legitimate' Comanche leaders. These men, generally older and far better established than Quanah, believed he was a sellout and an opportunist. They believed that by negotiating directly with American authorities he was going over the heads of the legitimate Comanche decision makers.
Rachel Parker Plummer Book
Compare and contrast the characters of Rachel Parker Plummer and Cynthia Ann Parker. Rachel and Cynthia Ann were both born into the Parker family: a group of assertive religious pioneers who decided to live and raise a family on the frontier. Both were female, with a strict Baptist upbringing. Both were captured during the Comanche raid on Fort. Happened to them, one of the captives, Rachel Parker Plummer - who became very famous because she wrote a memoir of 15 months of captivity - she was actually kind of taken on as a - what amounted to a slave. And Indians, Plains Indians, were buffalo-based, and they needed women, actually, to work buffalo hides. This was a part of the economy.
History
Fort Parker was established about two miles (3 km) north of present-day Groesbeck, Limestone County, Texas, USA by Elder John Parker (1758–1836), his sons, Benjamin, Silas and James, plus other members of the Pilgrim Predestinarian Baptist Church of Crawford County, Illinois. Led by John and Daniel Parker, they came to Texas in 1833. Daniel's party first settled in Grimes County, then later moved to Anderson County near present-day Elkhart and established Pilgrim Church. Elder John Parker's group settled near the headwaters of the Navasota River, and built a fort for protection against Native Americans. It was completed in March 1834. Fort Parker's 12 foot (4 m) high log walls enclosed four acres (16,000 m²). Blockhouses were placed on two corners for lookouts, and six cabins were attached to the inside walls. The fort had two entrances, a large double gate facing south, and a small gate for easy access to the spring. Most of the residents of the fort were part of the extended family of John and Sarah Parker.
The massacre
Soon the settlers were making their homes and farming the land. Several had built cabins on their farms, and used the fort for protection. Peace treaties were made with surrounding Native American chiefs. Perhaps the Fort Parker inhabitants expected that other tribes would honor the treaties as well. The Fort Parker inhabitants had also allowed a Texas Ranger company to use the Fort, perhaps not understanding that many Native Americans regarded the Rangers with hatred for their Indian fighting.
On May 19, 1836, a large party of Native Americans, including Comanches, Kiowas, Caddos, and Wichitas, attacked the inhabitants of Fort Parker. In her memoir, Rachel Plummer wrote that 'one minute the fields (in front of the fort) were clear, and the next moment, more indians than I dreamed possible were in front of the fort.'
Rachel Plummer Book
One of the Indians approached the fort with a white flag. No one believed the flag was genuine. Silas Parker wanted the five men present to man the walls and fight as best they could. Benjamin Parker felt that by going out he could buy time for the majority of the women and children to flee out the back (small) gate. He felt that there was simply no way that five men would be able to hold the Indians out more than a second or two, as they could use ropes to scale the walls. He felt that the war party would then kill everyone in the fort, and the unsuspecting men in the fields. He argued with Silas that they had to barter their lives for time for everyone else. Their father agreed with Benjamin.
Benjamin knew he was going to be killed. According to Rachel Plummer's account, Benjamin returned to the fort, after his first talk with the war party, and told his brother and father that he believed they would all be killed, and that they should run swiftly to the woods. Silas again argued with him, telling him they should push the big gate shut, and man the walls. Ben pointed out, rightly, Rachel said, that there was no time, and their 'course was decided.' He told her, 'run little Rachel, for your life and your unborn child, run now and fast!' She said he then straightened up and went back outside. She recounted how Silas told her to watch the front gate, after Benjamin had gone out to talk to the Indians the second time, when she herself wanted to flee, while he ran for his musket and powder pouch. “They will kill Benjamin,” she reported her Uncle Silas saying, “and then me, but I will do for at least one of them, by God.” At that moment, she said she heard whooping outside the fort, and then Indians were inside.
The 3–5 minutes bought enough time that the majority of the women and children did get away. Rachel Plummer, who was pregnant, was afraid she would not be able to keep up while carrying her two-year-old son, and so she stayed in the fort. She began running after seeing the Indians come into the fort, holding her little boy's hand, while behind her she said she saw Indians stabbing Benjamin with their lances, and then she heard “Uncle Silas shout defiance as though he had a thousand men with him. Alas, he was alone, and soon dead.” Lucy Parker, who also had a small child, stopped to argue with her husband Silas, begging him to come with her. Elizabeth Duty Kellogg stopped to gather up their savings, $100 in coins, before she attempted to escape.
Benjamin Parker was killed, and before the fort's gates could be closed, the raiders rushed inside. Silas Parker, who was outside with his brother, was killed before he was able to get back inside the gate. Samuel Frost and his son Robert were killed inside the gate, as they attempted to flee. John Parker's genitals were cut off and he was then scalped. His wife came out of the woods when she saw his torture and was captured. Lucy Parker and her youngest two children were initially captured but were rescued by Luther Plummer as he ran up to the fort from the fields. Her two oldest children, however, along with Luther's wife (Rachel) and son, and Elizabeth Kellogg were successfully kidnapped.
In all, five men were killed, some were left for dead, two women and three children were captured, and the rest escaped into the wilderness.
Fort Parker inhabitants on May 19, 1836
Elder John Parker (aged 77, killed) and 2nd wife, Sarah (Pinson) Duty 'Granny' Parker, injured
Daniel Parker
Benjamin Parker (killed)
James W. Parker and wife, Martha 'Patsey' Duty
Rachel Plummer (aged 17, captured) and husband, L. T. M. Plummer
James Pratt Plummer (aged 1, captured)
Sarah Parker (aged 18) and husband, Lorenzo Dow Nixon
James Wilson Parker (aged 5)
Francis Marion Parker (aged 4)
Silas Parker (killed) and wife, Lucinda Duty
Cynthia Ann Parker (aged 8, captured)
John Richard Parker (aged ca 5, captured)
Silas Parker, Jr. (aged 3)
Orlena Parker (aged 4 mos)
Isaac Parker
Elizabeth Duty Kellogg (captured, daughter of Sarah Duty Parker)
Elisha Anglin
Abram Anglin
Seth Bates
Silas Bates
George E.Dwight and wife Malinda Frost Dwight
Elizabeth Dwight
David Falkenbury
Evan Falkenbury
Samuel Frost (killed) and wife
Robert Frost (killed)
other Frost children
Oliver Lund
Note: Killed were Samuel Frost, Robert Frost, Benjamin Parker, John Parker, and Silas Parker. Captured were Elizabeth Kellogg, Cynthia Ann Parker, John R. Parker, Rachel Plummer, and James Pratt Plummer; all of them were later ransomed or freed. Their captivity took several years, except Mrs. Kellogg, who was ransomed within 3 months. Among the tortures the captives suffered, the women were repeatedly raped by their captors.
Captured inhabitants
Rachel Parker Plummer Memoir
Cynthia Ann Parker
One of the captives was a nine-year-old girl, Cynthia Ann Parker, daughter of Silas and Lucinda (Duty) Parker. Cynthia Ann lived with the Comanches for nearly 25 years. She married Comanche chief Peta Nocona and was the mother of three children, including Quanah Parker. In 1860, she was among a Native American party captured by Texas Rangers at the Battle of Pease River. Ironically, Cynthia Parker was the victim of two massacres which destroyed her life. The first, the attack on Fort Parker in 1836, killed her father and left her among the Comanche for nearly 25 years. The second, a massacre of the Comanche Band of her husband, the Noconis, at the Battle of Pease River left her a prisoner among the whites. She was identified by her uncle, Isaac Parker, and returned to her family. Cynthia Ann never readjusted to the Anglo society, and died at the age of 43 in 1870 after starving herself to death after her daughter, Prairie Flower, had caught influenza and died from pneumonia. She was originally buried with her daughter in Fosterville Cemetery in Anderson County near Frankston, but her son, Quanah, had her re-interred, and reburied next to him at Fort Sill, Oklahoma.
John Richard Parker
Cynthia Ann's brother John Richard Parker was ransomed back in 1842 along with his cousin, James Pratt Plummer. He was unable to adapt to white society and ran back to the Comanche. He later was left to die after he contracted smallpox during a Comanche raid into Mexico. The war party left a captive Mexican girl to care for him, and he restored her to her family after recovering, and spent the remainder of his life in Old Mexico after marrying her. During the American Civil War, he served in a Mexican Company within the Confederate Army. He later lived as stockman and rancher in Mexico, where he died in 1915.
Rachel Plummer's Narrative
Rachel Plummer
Rachel Plummer, the 17-year-old wife of Luther Plummer, daughter of James Parker, and cousin to Cynthia Parker and her brother John, was held captive by the Comanche for two years before being ransomed by her father. Her book on her captivity, Rachael Plummer's Narrative of Twenty One Months Servitude as a Prisoner Among the Comanchee Indians, was issued in Houston in 1838. This was the first narrative about a captive of Texas Indians published in the Republic of Texas, and it was a sensation not just there, but throughout the United States and even abroad. Rachel died in 1840, in childbirth, a year after being ransomed.
James Pratt Plummer
James Pratt, son of Luther Martin Thomas Plummer and Rachel Parker Plummer, was separated from his mother (who never knew about his further fate) and was soon given away to another Comanche band. Late in 1842 he was ransomed and in 1843 reunited with his grandfather James W. Parker. Parker refused to return his grandson to his father, claiming that Luther Plummer had not even paid his ransom. Even when the latter appealed successfully to the Governor of Texas, Parker refused to return his grandson. Luther Plummer, meanwhile remarried and father of another child, did then not pursue the matter. James Pratt Plummer married twice and had four children. He died of pneumonia while serving with the Confederate Army in 1862.
A NON-REVISED HISTORY UPDATE ABOUT THE REVEREND JAMES PARKER: Former Dallas Morning News columnist Frank X. Tolbert in his book 'An Informal History of Texas' and in the chapter 'Was Uncle James (Parker) The Villain' had an entirely different take on Reverend Parker. In fact, in that chapter Sam Houston communicated to Luther Plummer in a letter that 'Reverend Parker had quite a bad reputation with most all he ever had business dealings.' Sam Houston did not trust the judgement of Parker and could not believe that he would not return James Pratt Plummer to his natural father.. 'An Informal History of Texas' published,1961, Harper,New York
Elizabeth Duty Kellogg
In late May 1836, Elizabeth Kellogg was taken by a band of Kichai Indians, which she took for 'Kitchawas'. In summer, Delaware Indians purchased Mrs. Kellogg and sold her to her brother-in-law James W. Parker in August 1836 for 150 dollars (the money was sent by Sam Houston). She was reunited with her sister Martha 'Patsey' Duty on September 6, 1836.
People closely related to the fate of the captured inhabitants
James W. Parker
James W. Parker, who was working in the fields when the raid began, spent much of the rest of his life, and most of his fortune, searching for his daughter Rachel, his grandson James, his niece Cynthia, and his nephew John Richard. After many near-death escapes, he finally settled with his family. John Wayne's character Ethan Edwards, in the John Ford Western The Searchers, was modeled by author Alan Le May after Parker and others affected by child abductions.
Former Dallas Morning News columnist Frank X. Tolbert in his book An Informal History of Texas entitled one of his book's chapters 'Was Uncle James (Parker) The Villain' which expressed an entirely different take on the reverend. James W. Parker was Cynthia Ann Parker's uncle, Rachel Plummer's father, and son James Pratt Plummer's grandfather. Sam Houston responded to 'Luther' Thomas Martin Plummer in a letter that: 'Reverend Parker had quite a bad reputation with most all he ever had business dealings.' Houston did not trust the judgement of Parker and as that chapter of Tolbert's book relates Houston just could not believe that Reverend Parker would not return James Pratt Plummer to his natural father.
Quanah Parker
Quanah Parker, son of Cynthia Ann Parker, became a leader among the Quahadi Comanches. After most of the Comanches and other tribes on the Staked Plains were defeated, Parker and his group surrendered to authorities and were forced to an Indian reservation in Oklahoma territory. The Quahadis were the very last tribe left on the Staked Plains. Quanah Parker was made chief of all the Comanche tribes on the reservation. Shortly before his own death in 1911, he arranged for the disinterment of his mother and sister and had them reburied in a plot next to his own at the Post Oak Cemetery near Cache, Oklahoma. Congress passed a special allotment to fund the reburial. The three were moved in 1957 to the Fort Sill military cemetery in Oklahoma.
(Source: Wikipedia )
SEE MORE ABOUT CYNTHIA PARKER AT THE FOARD COUNTY TEXAS GENEALOGY TRAILS WEBSITE